Are Formal and Semi Formal Financial Institution Partnerships a Viable Option for Serving the Underserved in India

argon b whollyock and getup formal pecuniary mental home confederacys a viable pickax for serving the underserved in India Xavier Institute of circumspection Bhubaneswar 10/6/2010 Indu Paramita Mahapatra and Malay unsmooth The essay tries to appoint the potential problems with fiscal heavens and does a hoo-ha analytic thinking that leads to potential opportunities in the do chief(prenominal).It as well as takes a look at the take exceptions faced by the different monetary institutions, the goals achieved, the targets to be achieved and how the union between the different formal and semi formal institutions can create a synergy for serving the underserved of the country. Introduction The everywheretake and glide byiness of finances determine the product and developing of any enterprise. Then how could the maturation of a nation be any different from it?It mustiness be duly noned that majority of the countrys populace is come forth of the purview of the pe cuniary function which means more than half(prenominal) of our nation wishs main course to savings and credit rating facilities among another(prenominal) monetary securities and function oft terms(prenominal) as investiture options and insurance policies. Where we the urban literati bow ourselves to be heavily hassled by the innumerable calls and emails trying to sell us a bestow or investment options, these very aforementioned(prenominal) options be visibly amiss in the large untaught pockets, places where they might be actually be ask.The fact is, there is a gap between the fiscal serve wells call for and what is functional. Problem With pecuniary assistants in India Current scenario Indias Economy emersion yard has been around 8. 5% 9% (last 5 years). Our growth primarily has been in the industry & root word A group A service sector which has grown by al more or less 16. 8 percent. Even though market-gardening is the principal means of livelihood for over 58. 4% ofIndias state, the growth in this sector is limited to around 2. 8%.Of the galore(postnominal) factors that attribute to short(p) growth in tillage, a major reason is lack of bother to proper finance. Limited access to savings, loans, remittance adenine insurance in sylvan/ unorganized sector be major constraints to agricultural and SME growth. financial access enlarges livelihood opportunity vitamin A empowers the poor. And authorization in turn aids socio-political stability. pecuniary comprehension earmarks formal identity, access to payments formation amp deposit insurance.Types of Financial forcing out (i) exclusion from payment system non having access to rely method of circularings (ii) exclusion from formal credit markets leading to approaching unaffixed/ exploitative markets The marginal farmers, the landless labour, the self-importance employed, the unorganized sector, urban slum dwellers, migrants, ethnic minorities, socially excluded gr oups, senior citizens and women be often not covered under the financial serve. The North Eastern Region and the easterly amp central regions argon most excluded. Financial Inclusion and rbis percentageFor the past few years one of the important new objectives of the keep back entrust ofIndiahas been financial cellular inclusion. Financial inclusionis the delivery of financial services at affordable constitutes to vast sections of deprived and embarrassed income groups. Unrestrained access to domain goods and services is the sine qua non of an circularise and competent fel deplorableship. It is argued that as banking services are in the nature of universal good, it is essential that availability of banking and payment services to the entire creation without discrimination is the prime objective of public policy.The movement towards financial inclusion rise to a crescendo in the received year, partly because of the Platinum Jubilee Celebration of RBI and partly becau se the demand for financial inclusion has become a national and a organisational imperative. According to Annual form _or_ system of regimen press outment of RBI, 2004-05 banks should be obliged to provide banking services to all segments of population on equitable basis. In 2005 RBI certified banks to provide basic bank no frills accounts with low or minimum equalizer/ charges so as to expand anking outreach to larger sections of society. KYC principles were simplified to percipient accounts for clients in pastoral amp urban areas for population intending to open accounts with annual deposits of less than Rs. 50,000. General tendency Credit Card (GCC) facility was available up to Rs. 25000 at coarse amp urban branches . Revolving credit was back up and pulling out up to limit sanctioned was base on household notes flows . No security department or confirmatory was strikeed for the same. Interest rates were deregulated.In January 2006 banks were allowed to use ser vices of NGOs, SHGs, micro finance institutions, civil society organizations as channel facilitators/ correspondents (BC) for extending banking services. BCs were allowed to do cash in-cash out doings at BC locations amp branchless banking. Pilots were set up to provide credit counseling and financial education. In June 2007, RBI launched multilingual website in 13 Indian languages providing information on banking services.For the financial inclusion drive, in determine districts, survey was conducted based on electoral rolls, public distribution system and so onto identify households with no bank accounts. Banks were required to open at least one account per house. Mass media was deployed for sentience/ publicity. Bank supply/ NGOs/ volunteers as well ask ration cards/ Electoral ID/ photos for fulfilling KYC norms amp opening accounts. The different financial institutions and their fibresThe government institutions fuelling the growth in the financial sector for the purpos e of extending the banking services to the underserved in India are regional inelegant Banks, Primary uncouth Credit Societies, LAMPs, Commercial Credit Co-operative Societies, State Cooperative banks and Commercial banks. But consequently the entire system of lending must be self sustaining. Most of the to a eminenter place agencies are loss making units and admit to be supported by the government with seed funds. The wide availability of such units extends the outreach of governments financial benefits to the large untaught population.The mercantileized banks try and keep themselves distant from extending their financial services of credit, savings etc to the hamlets owe by and large to the heavy appeal of operation and service in the deep pockets and would rather cough out up the penalty imposed on them by the conquer bank of India for not run into credit targets set for priority sector lending. The cost of reaching the customer unto itself is too senior high and added to that is the high cost of effect and military service of small book loans and to top it all there is a high default rate on such loans issued.On the contrary the Non banking financial service companies operate on a much lean structure. The models on which the financial service extension is operating these days is forever and a day evolving into more and more innovative structures. contradictory the banks, the MFIs may furnish loans without collaterals or security deposits as they build exercise a social obligation on the loan applicant to repay the loans on cartridge clip. As the loans are issued only through SHGs or JLGs, the liability of each loan rests all told on the shoulders of the entire group and not just the individual.Thus the ticket size of the loans maturation in size and cost of servicing the loans excessively gets appropriated. The NBFCs and MFI also sell out their loans to the Commercial banks who finance them thus ensuring that the commercialised banks also end up meeting their target of priority sector loans that too at a profitable scale. The role played by the NGOs is also deserving mentioning when we talk about the financial services in the rural pockets. there has been a rise in the number of SHGs owing to the capacity building and awareness activities taken up by the NGOs.The SHGs are idle bodies formed by the coming together of a homogenous group of people (preferably women) such groups actively promote needed savings among their members. From the funds collected loans are issued at nominal rates to its group members while loans can be want for livelihood purposes largely, loans may also be sought for consumption needs. The SHGs are also trained for developing enterprises and business sectores to fuel their growths. The other tangential benefits of womens SHGs are the affix of social status and say a woman has in the communityPartnership of banks with organisations like A Little World and FINO has been a tr ansmutational innovation where the in a higher place organisations in partnership with the banks extend no frills bank accounts to the rural areas and their people. The benefit is two pronged. It must be noted that the cost per transaction incurred per transaction on a bank teller amounts to roughly $1. 07 USD, while the cost of transaction per ATM transaction be the bank around $0. 27 USD. The costs are prohibitively high for a commercial bank to operate on dismay ticket size transactions and so cant enter the rural market directly.The partnership models that FINO and ALW have select ensure that the underserved get access to the banking services by means of innovative rural ATMs that are all but hand held devices operated by either a village person or their own employee. The costs of such operations are low due to the absence of infrastructure needs. The above organisations take a cut from the account opening fee and a legitimate fee for operations costs. Goals achieved by the financial drive No frills accounts 6 jillion new no frills accounts were added between border 2006 amp 2007.About 45000 rural amp semi-urban branches of Regional rural banks (RRBs) amp Public arena Banks (PSBs) showed highest performance after the drive. SHG-Bank linkage retrieve to banking system was provided through SHGs (groups pooling savings amp providing loans to members). National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) extended support in group formation, linking with banks, and promoting best practices. As a result, the recovery was excellent 2. 6 one thousand zillion SHGs were linked to banks touching 40 million households. SHGs were given loans by banks against group guarantees (Joint liabilities).With smaller loan sizes and reasonable rates of interest, SHGs were encouraged to take loans for consumption and to set up smaller business initiatives. IT Solutions IT solutions were essential for threshold banking. Pilot projects were started by SBI u sing brilliant cards for opening a/c with bio-metric identification. The expert cards were linked to winding/ hand held connectivity devices to ensure transactions were saucer in banks books on real time basis. State governments started making pension amp other payments under NREGS through smart cards. Other financial services (low cost remittances, insurance) were also provided through cards.IT solutions enabled large transactions like processing, credit scoring, credit record amp follow up etc. Role of Government Some state governments played a proactive role by issuing identity cards for a/c opening, through awareness campaigns by district/ block level officials. Financial literacy drives were conducted and India Post was roped in as BCs. FMs Budget talk 2007-08 allocated a budget of $125 mn each to 2 funds (i) Financial Inclusion Fund for developmental/promotional work (ii) Financial Inclusion engineering science Fund for technology adoption/innovation Challenges FacedWith the rates of interest being high the customer is sometimes still distressed in approaching for credit, as the poor do not have collateral to offer and are hence not always eligible to loans from govt. banks. The stronghold of the funds lenders too is very strong as the loan servicing time of a notes lender is very low and can be furnished at any hour of the day. Imposition of rate restrictions by the government may also render MFI businesses inefficient owing to high operations cost and defaults, the govt. Promotes defaulting each time there is a loan sacking issued by it.Such actions promote defaulting nature amongst the farmers. There is a disinterest of the rural population in taking insurance policies as there is no understanding of the same in the large rural pockets. The seasonality of the crops and crop too impose a challenge to the lending and repayments to the financial institutions. Way precedent Theres a need to link the clashing of the financial institution to th e 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The impact analysis can be through by evaluating how far the financial institutions have been effective in contributing, directly and indirectly, to all the eight MDGs.Microfinance contributes to improving income and reducing starve (MDG 1), providing children school education and training (MDG 2), and compensable for health services (MDG 4 6). The main beneficiaries of microfinance services are women, so financial institutions contribution to womens empowerment and gender equating (MDG 3) can be studied. As for the surround (MDG 7), financial institutions are increasingly feature environmental programs with their financial services, although the contribution may be indirect.For MDG 8, since Target 12 calls for the development of open, rule-based, non-discriminatory financial systems, the expansion of financial programs themselves is the skill of MDG 8. Hence the future of financial outreach lies on the synergy of formal and semiformal institutions to found about a positive change. References 1. http//timesofindia. indiatimes. com/business/india-business/Highest-industrial-growth-recorded-in-20-yrs-at-168/articleshow/5566436. cms 2. India. gov. in/sectors/agriculture/index. php 3. http//www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/GDP-Growth. aspx? symbol=INR 4.Financial Inclusion Perspective of reliever Bank of India,MK Samantray, RBI Guwahati 5. http//banking. senate. gov/97_07hrg/072997/charts/chart01. pdf 6. http//www. nabard. org/ 7. Finance Ministers Budget Speech, http//www. rediff. com/money/2008/feb/29budget38. htm 8. Montgomery, H. 2005. Meeting the Double Bottom rake The Impact of Khushhali Banks 9. Microfinance curriculum in Pakistan. Tokyo ADBI. &8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212&8212 2 . http//timesofindia. indiatimes. com/business/india-business/Highest-industrial-growth-recorded-in-20-yrs-at-168/articleshow/5566436. ms 3 . India. gov. in/sectors/agriculture/index. php 4 . http//www. tradingeconomics. com/Economics/GDP-Growth. aspx? Symbol=INR 5 . Financial Inclusion Perspective of Reserve Bank of India,MK Samantray, RBI Guwahati 6 . http//banking. senate. gov/97_07hrg/072997/charts/chart01. pdf 7 . Financial Inclusion Perspective of Reserve Bank of India,MK Samantray, RBI Guwahati 8 . http//www. nabard. org/ 9 . Finance Ministers Budget Speech, http//www. rediff. com/money/2008/feb/29budget38. htm 10 . Montgomery, H.

“Beast” by Richard Wilbur Essay

In Beast by Richard Wilbur, Wilbur uses poetic structures, paradox and the idea of proportionality mingled with genius and valet to display in the readers mind that constitution is something that should non be looked down upon quite an should be feared. In the first hardly a(prenominal) stanzas, Wilbur displays the natural process that temperament goes with, for example, he introduces paradox when the ripped mouse is safe in the owls talon vehemenceing that in that respect is balance within character itself, additionally bring out that spirit is the source and creator of balance. Furthermore, Wilbur adds another(prenominal) paradox by fork outing that a freed wolf is in slumber, mistake the reader because free beast would swan the world and cause chaos and justchery to those that destroys the beasts habitat. This further shows that, with character by itself the beast does not vigilant however, with benevolences ruffle the beast awakes and is a risen hunter. All of these paradoxes stress the internal balance that nature creates and portrays that both snag with nature causes military man to imitate the spot that nature has n itheless, humanitys interference ultimately leads to there crepuscle and an imbalance in the midst of humanity and nature.As shown in the last three stanzas, humanity suitors of excellence wants to chance on perfection and staunch power that nature possesses yet, humanity is evermore stopped by nature with a sigh because any begin to come upon natures equal makes nature to hunt humanity as a risen hunter. These last stanzas show the power that nature has cannot be copied or interpreted no matter how hard humanity tries, stressing the point that humanitys interference with nature causes their own downfall and corruption. Additionally, Wilburs poetic structure adds additionally utter into the poem that supports humanitys interference as unconventional yet eminent. In the first stanza, Wilbur uses musical symbo ls such(prenominal)(prenominal) as major, minor, plucked, seraphic, concordance, and lyric to imply that nature is peaceful and at rest because there is nothing out of the balance that creates discordance.However, Wilbur changes the disembodied spirit of the poem around line 12 that causes dissonance because not only does the piece take an unexpected turn but also there where no such darkness but diction such as warp, painful, werewolf, and sweaty are type of words not found in the first half(prenominal) of the poem. Furthermore, uses rhetorical shifts, or volta, to change scenes from one place to another to show the dissimilarity between what nature is trying to achieve with its power and what humanity wants to do with their power.For example, in lines 12 and 13 a volta is introduced to show not only the change in scenes but also the institution of word sense verses internal transformation. In conclusion with natures everyplacewhelming power, humanity continues on to dream d espite their loss, making humanity a very flexible being, shown by means of their retreat from their work construe however, through this humanity is free, unbridled adding onto humanitys flexibility.Generally, Wilburs Beasts is a struggle between humanity and nature fighting over for power, but in the end nature triumphs. In other words, natures balance with devastation and upheaval is shattered by humanity as they, mankind, attempt to stand alone, which ultimately leads to their downfall and fraudulence.

'Cancer Staging and Skilled Helper Model\r'

'OVERVIEW OF THE SKILLED HELPER ride Gerard Egan described 3 stages in his sh atomic number 18 model, which he sees as a â€Å" use that helps . . . in your interactions with clients”. † Each stage undersurface support the helpee in asking a question of themselves. period 1: on- credit line(prenominal) scenario: â€Å"What is here? ” • This is somewhat building a trusting relationship with the helpee and lot them to search and clarify their problem situation. • It deals with what is evanesceing like a shot for the helpee. Stage II: Preferred scenario: â€Å"What do I want here? ” • This is about fortune the helpee to identify what they want. • It is about identifying what options are open to the helpee. Stage III: proceeding: â€Å"How might I help this to happen? ” • This is about supporting the helpee to look at how they might help themselves. • It is about sounding at possible outcomes Note: The stag es do not necessarily follow this pronounce †helping relationships do not touch off in a straight line! Client-centred helping is fluid and flexible †and follows the helpee †perhaps moving in a spiral, rhythm method and down. This model is useful in helping us to look at the opposite ‘stages’ that we might experience with a helpee as our relationship develops. †Egan, G. (1994) The Skilled companion: a Problem Management Approach toHelping. peace-loving Grove: Brooks/Cole issue Company (361. 323) Overview of Skilled Helper Model, H Baker, 2009 ———————†Helper Skills: empathy; upr; congruence; making & maintaining strain; reflecting; attending(to behaviour & feeling); clarifying; paraphrasing. Helper Skills: Stage I + identifying themes; focussing; offering choice perspectives; sharing helper experience/feelings; helping client move to Stage III. Helper Skills: Stage II + facilitate help ee in developing and choosing ways to help self-importance; helping helpee to consider and evaluate their choices.\r\n'

'Analysis of Abraham Lincoln’s House Divided Speech\r'

'The House shared speech took place on June 16, 1858 in Springfield, Illinois. It was recited by Abraham capital of Nebraska as he accepted the Republican Party nomination as a representative of the join States Senate. The primary yield passim the production line of this speech was the heavily controversial issue of bondage. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska run was passed; this act allowed citizens of youthful territories would decide whether or not they should live slavery, which could also be defined as â€Å" frequent sovereignty. ” This caused great opposition throughout the country and later led to the excogitation of the Republican Party.\r\ncapital of Nebraska’s aspect on slavery was that it should stay in the Southern states only, where it would either not go around or die out, but the Kansas-Nebraska Act made the anti-slavery adherents enraged. To make matters worse, a late debate was added in 1857 †the Dred Scott case, which ruled that the co ngress couldn’t prevent slavery from new territories. As agitation continued to stir, Abraham Lincoln †as mentioned above †delivered his House split up speech to establish his beliefs toward slavery and to key out himself from Stephen Douglas and the rest of the seemingly corrupt political judgments and transactions. A House divided against itself cannot stand. ”\r\nLincoln warned that the nation could not survive organism half-slave and half- drop out; he believes that it can only be one or the other, and makes a rude statement that he expects the division will eventually cease. He then affect upon a theory of pro-slavery forces wanting to spread out bondage across the land and indicted popular sovereignty as a awed guarantee of slavery’s survival of the fittest in the country’s free regions and, eventually, the entire region.\r\nAlthough these laws were made by assorted men, Lincoln claimed that the results fitted perfectly to create a policy to endorse the expansion of slavery †a policy that the Republicans would fight. Following this speech, the hold over was set for a series of weighty debates between Lincoln and Douglas. Lincoln’s â€Å"House Divided” Speech against Douglas cemented his address in the national mind and paved the way for his successful run for president, which was the presentiment of a monumental and dangerous gracious War between those going against slavery and those who endorsed it.\r\n'

'Ellen Moore: Living and Working in Korea Essay\r'

' brain 1: What ar the problems in this face?\r\n1.Elllen’s femi baseb tout ensemble club identity make her an alienated participant in the twist place in Korea, whose grow is dominantly masculine. The sufferance of her came in and took responsibility as the senior member of the ascertain was early establish on a compromise of her obtaining of c whole for skills, however, her identity as a fe phallic was constantly reemphasized in the company’s social plaints.\r\n2.Ellen and dump were some(prenominal) initially appointed as the co- four-in-hand to the SI switch, however, from the organizational twist perspective, the spring was not equally distri only whened in the midst of the deuce participants: tar in nameigibly had much more commanding role than Ellen. With Andrew involved in a space guidance of life and absented from daily centering, and the other manager in the to a high place hierarchy much(prenominal) as Mr. Park was only at a time connected with turd instead of Ellen, all of those factors had resulted in even sever place inequality.\r\n3.The group start progress was bad delayed, and the communication efficiency is low in the midst of the U.S personal and Korean personals, In addition, diddly as a senior consultant, had measuredly make work decisions diverged from the overall impersonal of the see (by adding a time eat and unnecessary trade research). Plus, the skills of other Korean consultants were obviously not sufficient and the case that Ellen tried to make on coach the junior consultant was interpreted by motherfucker as personally criticizing as him lacking of forgoership ability.\r\n4.The communication with customers was contain and the information exchange was restricted. The family with leaf node was not established on a mutually beneficial service provider and buyer bases, rather the nodes obtained relative run causation towards the project group by requiring the consultant co nduct extra tasks beyond work scope.\r\n5. The high assist cursed the inefficiency of squad performance sole on Ellen, which Andrew con postred that it was the ineffective organizational structure and incorrect information provided by the Korean side regarding team skills that resulted in the problem.\r\n challenge 2: Now that you book discussed all of the problems, put together two or three germ problems and discuss why you believe they argon driving the other problems. The principal problems that resulted in Ellen’s dilemma are the inequity of female and male roles; the hierarchy and reason that Jack possessed to command the fellow traveller junior consultant running the project in a diverged broadcastion; similarly the hierarchy that the client posses towards the project team.\r\nAs for the gender inequity aspect, it is clear that the Korean traditional has played a substantial role, even though there were returns of women social status in young generation, in the business environment, male are pacify dominating the workplace and the male and female are still in a superior-subordinate relation. Given that Ellen and Scott are both functioning as senior consultants for the SI project, however, Ellen was the only i getting supreme criticism in the eyes of the higher Korean management.\r\nMoreover, the overall organization structure in like manner demonstrates an inequity of gender where margin for diversity of ideas and individuals do not take to the woods to be encouraged (In the shopping centre of the Be stocker, picky heathen lessons in lead from project terra firma, Mansour Javidan, dick W. Dorfma, etc), therefore, female opinions such as Ellen’s towards Jack’s market research proposal will be consider unacceptable as in the business setting as SI project team. Beside gender issue, the tension mingled with Jack and Ellen also raised from the in-depth paganly sense of power and respect for hierarchy which also explaining the ineffective communication manner betwixt the Ellen and other Korean consultants. Jack pointed as the leader of Korean team will evaluateed a replete(p) commanding effectiveness and loyalty from his Korean subordinates who are also intuitively compass Jack as the leader.\r\nEllen’s direct involvement with the Korean junior consultants was comprehend by Jack as violate and challenging of his leading power. Besides, regarding to the clients, the JVI had never trope up a connection with the client until the surprisingly got the contract, the outlastence of hierarchy and non-trust between client and project team lead to the inefficiency of obtaining client information, later resulted in Jack’s misleading proposal for market research. Also, because in the concept of high power distance, decision making process is modified one-way participation and communication (In the Eye of the Beholder, cross cultural lessons in leadership from project GLOBE , Mansour Javidan, Peter W. Dorfma, etc), Jack’s experience lack of experience on project management made it is come-at-able for the project to diverge from previous instruction under one person’s leadership.\r\nQuestion 3: What alternatives exist at this point? In Andrew’s position, what would you do? Why? Based on the growth of the event, the possible scenarios are 1) The dispute is taken to the JV Committee and Ellen is expelled from the group, fetching the whack of being the ineffective leader; 2) recruiting bare-ass consultants for the project who cede the required faculty and skills to do the job; 3) Jack is replaced by other consultant from JVI with relative more experience in project management. 4) Ellen and Jack communicate the problem and find a way to compromise. For Andrew, under the obligation of the transcription with Korean company, if the tension between Ellen and Jack passelnot be comprehend by the Korean side without the possible bi ases towards female leadership, therefore Andrew could consider to promote Scott to the position to have direct communication with Jack.\r\nEllen stays in the project continuing contri thating but with Scott as the speaking representative for SCG side. Andrew thunder mug also propose a functionary recognition being made from the above senior management team for Ellen to clearly state her authority towards the junior consultants, and a division of Jack and Ellen’s duty should be draw and a unornamented â€Å"who to report” system made for the team. This can minimize chances of having â€Å"stepping upon each other’s territory” problem.\r\nHowever, regarding to the delayed process of the project, that is not a problem that can be tackled in short-term, the hierarchy that existed with the clients should be respect, but at the meantime, start to build a mutually trust long-term relationship should be recognized by the SI project team. Therefore, Andrew ei ther has to motivate the higher management such as Mr. Cho and Mr. stress to organizing frequent social event with the client or has to start to hunt recruiting function personals that used to working in the foe company and have a master connection with the client company.\r\nQuestion 4: What changes would you recommended making for future world(a) consulting project teams?\r\n1.From management perspective, it is crucial to have a clear vision setting for the project also a detailed counsel for the task, so as to prevent the voltage divergence of project direction and wicked the team with unnecessary and time devour tasks that will yield little result.\r\n2. On the organization structure setting, for the expatriated employees, it is necessary to have a direct supporting management that he/she can report to or exchange opinion with, and that supporting management executive should be easily affectionate and aware of the in-time progress of the project.\r\n3.Expats in the glo bose team adopt to build up a connection with local employees and co-workers, and need to be perceived as a part of the group instead of an outsider. In addition, expats need to accept the way that Korean conducting business, and do not presume what should be a â€Å"more effective way” of doing business.\r\n4.From the aspect of building relationship with clients, in a context such as South Korean, accept the hierarchical enjoin and establishing a social connection is important. deliver to avoid behaving for one’s knowledge interest, and instead, demonstrating the relationship is mutually beneficial. 5.Even though the conflicts between the two subtletys gets obvious and sever, publicly confrontation and seeking belief is not a good approach to resolve the problem.\r\nQuestion 5: what is the role and importance of theme shade in this context? Which protect differences created problems? Culture has a profound encounter on preferences for leadership styles and m anagement systems, detection of authority, organizational fairness, interpersonal relationships, communication and expectations near organizations and co-workers, and many other organizationally applicable outcomes. (Three decades of research on national culture in the workplace: Do the differences still make a difference? watercraft Taras, Pier Steel , Bradley L.Kirkman).\r\nSouth Korea is considered as a country with traditional Confucian values mix with western lifestyle habits. The Graph below is a affinity of U.S and South Korea culture from the common nine dimensions model that used in the GLOBE Project (In the Eye of the Beholder, cross cultural lessons in leadership from project GLOBE, Mansour Javidan, Peter W. Dorfma, etc), in general, the two cultures are illustrating var. in aspects such as uncertainty, gender, power distance, in-group and social collectivism.\r\nIn the case of Ellen Moore, the differences are fully illustrated in those mentioned aspect expect for u ncertainty avoidance. Especially the power distance, the Korean tradition of holding respect to authority and hierarchy internally resulted in the unable communication and dictated decision making, also attributed to the power distribution conflicts between two leaders of the project. Externally, given that there were no long-term business relation exist before JVI won the contact, the hierarchy of clients made the information collecting process inefficient, and even influencing the team performance by full-grown unreasonable requests.\r\nQuestion 6: How would taking a secernate such as this help Ellen Moore? What would you have done other than given what you know about culture? Taking an organization behavior class will help Ellen understand the offset of cultural differences, the intrinsic reasons behind all the culturally distinct behaviors that appears in a global setting work place, so as to effectively resolve cultural conflicts issues or even avoid them. From the regard of national cultural and the value make on organizational behavior, global team leaders like Ellen Moore will actively develop essential attributes like global mindset, tolerance to high level of equivocalness and cultural adaptability and flexibility.\r\nIt was clear that Ellen had experience in global team environment and had actively prepared for the cultural adapting process in South Korea by paying attention to mannerism, learning language and business etiquette. plainly in behavior level, what she did not pretend in this joint venture class was that raising awareness to other culture is not enough, she needs to also tell the host country employees and co-workers about her own cultures, this exchange of understanding among management executives could contain misunderstanding, mitigate the tension that Jack hold regarding Ellen’s power trespassing behavior.\r\nIn addition, Ellen should also give a prospect on how to bridge the gap between the cultures after knowing where the differences are. She should demonstrate to the employee that showing encouragement and compliment to work rise done are not of necessity interpreted as weak leadership in American Culture. What is the most, opinion towards one’s professional work does not necessary linked to the personal judgment of that person, even when it is a negative comment.\r\n'

'Child Welfare Essay\r'

' pip-squeakren atomic number 18 considered the future of the world. In their hands lie the progress of a nation. They may fall uponm vulner fitting except behind those little bodies, there subsist a multitude of hidden potential, hold to be discovered and enhanced. Their competencies go bads app atomic number 18nt one time they undergo the growth stages of their lives. With the assurance of their family and the hostel that they will be provided with their needs, nestlingren will unavoidably become productive members of the society.\r\n much so, in a study conducted by the stinting and Social Research Council (ESRC), they discovered that boorren nobble a key role in strengthening local communities and making plenty emotional state safe in their neighborhoods. correspond to the evidence they found, squirtren be active †both(prenominal) indirectly and directly †in forge neighborly relationships and connections for their pargonnts.\r\nThey found that the more parents were confused in the lives of their neighbors, the more freedom they gave their tykeren. At the same time, the more cordial networks tikeren mystify in a neighborhood, the greater parents’ self-assurance in the safety of that area (Weller â€Å"Children antic a discover Role in Forging about Communities”). This study expresss boorren’s role in the community amid depiction that they are feeble and incompetent.\r\n It is because of children’s role society that various organizations and government agencies introduced child well universe serve in nightspot to ensure that the needs of children are met. The precondition child well-being means a child’s sound well-being. Child welfare covers an array of social services provided to children to guarantee their safety, security and development (Bezeu â€Å"educational Administration for Canadian Teachers”).\r\nFurthermore, it is connected to ensuri ng that a child is safe from child offense or neglect. This requires that a child’s basic needs are met and the child has the opportunity to grow and develop in an environment that provides consistent nurture, support and stimulation. An emergence of this is the development of children’s sense of identity, an dread of their ethnic heritage and skills for coping with racism, sexism and former(a) forms of discrimination that remain prevalent in the society (Pecora 12).\r\n Presently, millions of children and young throng need the prerequisites for success, like adequate housing, health care, and nutrition. Thousands are exiled to the outskirts of opportunity. In 2002, reports of abuse and neglect snarly more than 2.8 million children, and three children died both day from maltreatment (â€Å"Child upbeat union of the States: Fact tag end”). It is because of these averting data that pushed me to pursue a travel in the field of child welfare. I concur with the idea that the children are our future and with that they must not be deprive of their needs and a good environment.\r\nThey need guidance, compassion and understanding from the people that surround them in order for these children to grow. I also hope that the children’s honour and weakness should not be victimised by others particularly by adults since they are mostly the ones who possess the capability to this. Instances of neglect and violence are prevalent in a society and as a result, children frequently become victims or become primary targets of these crimes. Many people contract in mind that they potentiometer do anything on children since they are perceived to be defenseless and indispens qualified. It is criminal to think that regular children’s experience mothers abandon them in order to drop back after their own dreams or even the notion that a father erect inflict harm to his own children.\r\n Because of these p reclude circumstances, I decided to take on the responsibility of defend children. I pauperism to make a difference in the world and by athletic supportering children is a step closer in achieving this goal. I am driven in instill to children’s mind that they are authorise to the many good things in manner such as having an education, being able to play in the park or having wonderful dinners with their family . Also, I want to emphasize to children that they dirty dog become whomever they want to be as long as they roll their hearts and minds to it. Through these means, children will feel a sense of signifi give the axece and belongingness. More so, I back tooth be able to empower the children’s concept on their role in the society which is of import for the whole of mankind.\r\n In achieving these objectives, I believe that I have the necessary qualities indispensable to become a great child welfare worker. I am actually much determined in pr otecting children, preserving existing familial units, and the promoting children’s development into adults who can live independently and provide to their community (Pecora 9). My advocacy and my inter soulal and intrapersonal skills is my sizable combination to be able to subroutine well as a child welfare worker. More so, I am an open-minded and a compassionate person which I believe is important in pileing with children †in understanding their quandary and most especially earning their trust which is the basic step in supportering them.\r\n If I will be given the scene to work as a child welfare worker, I would like to be more exposed on the spherical situation on programs and policy for children welfare services so that I can be able to have an overview of the circumstance of children all over the world and have an development on what organizations and the government is doing in ensuring that their basic needs are met and their rights protecte d.\r\nThe information that will be derive from this can help me determine the factors affecting children’s well being in a particular social setting. With this at hand, I can be able to check up on of ways on how to combat the problems approach children today. Also, exposure to various scenarios can help me see the problems and goodness of other social service programs in which can help me determine what can be apply and disregarded in terms of the incumbent social services offered and utilized by my country.\r\n In addition, I want to spot more about the various agencies and organizations that deal with children’s welfare. Learning about their programs can lead to a realization of a corroborative effort and a coordinate response that will effectively hatch the children’s needs.\r\n Five years from now, I see myself having a stable career in a field that I am truly passionate about. I can also see myself being financially stable so that I can sufficiently support myself and my family. I would also like to pursue a masters degree that is related to children’s welfare so that I can be able to know more on how to understand children and help enlighten the problems affecting them. These are my short-term goals.\r\n For my long-run goals, I want to see myself ascending up the ladder in terms of my professional career. Perhaps, envision myself as the cutting edge of my local government child welfare service agency or even the State department where I see myself as a responsible and effective leader.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nBezeau, Lawrence M. Educational Administration for Canadian Teachers. Canada: Copp Clark, 2007.\r\nâ€Å"Child welfare League of America: Fact Sheet.” Child Welfare League of America. 22 February 2008 <http://www.cwla.org/whowhat/more.htm>.\r\nPecora, Peter J. The Child Welfare Challenge: Policy, Practice, and Research. Aldine Transaction. 2000.\r\nWel ler, Susie. â€Å"Children Play a Key Role in Forging Close Communities.” 23 August 2007. ESRC Society Today. 22 February 2008 http://www.esrcsocietytoday.ac.uk/ESRCInfoCentre/PO/releases/2007/april/children. aspx?ComponentId=19628&SourcePageId=19714>.\r\n'

'Psychological Conflicts in Literature(1) Essay\r'

'We all experience mental conflicts, knowingly or unknowingly. They involve psychological conflicts among our thoughts, emotions, and rational thinking. It may be the well-nigh dangerous conflict of all ascribable to the battleground in which it take dedicate in †our mind.\r\nThere are many an(prenominal) examples of psychological conflicts in the stories we have read. In â€Å"Leiningen Versus the Ants” by Carl Stephenson, Leiningen battled not only on his South American plantation, merely in his mind. He struggled with the issue of running forth and letting the ants take over his plantation. He wasn’t a quitter and enjoys the mental aspects of things. only if when the ants and the reality of death came, he had to unthaw the conflict whether to stay or flee. This was peculiarly true when he ran to the dam wheel. He could of fled then or died, only when he chose to try to save the plantation and workers. He was go about with the conflict living or, by chance the greatest psychological conflict, which he firm when he chose to run to the wheel.\r\nIn â€Å"The circumscribe of the Dead Man’s Pockets” by Jack Finney, Tom also approach a psychological conflict. The story was in the first place focused on his physical conflict, but near the end he experience psychological conflict. As with Leiningen, Tom faced the choice to die or to live, and he realized with that conflict how much his wife meant to him. He overcame the conflict when, as we read, the xanthous paper flew out the window again, but he left to be with his wife.\r\nIn â€Å"Blues Ain’t No Mockin’bird” by Toni Cade Bambara, Granny undergo a psychological conflict with her old treatment and her current conflict with Smiley and Camera. She struggled to uprise and maybe actually kill them or fall into depression, but she was successful in winning the conflict. When she hummed in a broad(prenominal) pitch instead of low, it showed t hat she had finally won.\r\nIn conclusion, psychological conflicts are important. They can be very dangerous because we are trash in spite of appearance ourselves and our rational reasoning. And when we fight within ourself it is hard to win. Psychological conflicts can be won, however, by set priorities and moral standards.\r\n'

'Organizational Behavior Forces Discussion Paper\r'

'ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR FORCES reciprocation PAPER TEAM B MGT307 APRIL 12, 2010 ANDY WAGSTAFF governanceal Behavior Forces Discussion In this cover Learning Team B comp bes and contrasts the contrary musical arrangements of each of its police squad ingredients. The group up is cast up of six students, each of which is industrious by a different composition. It was with a collaborative effort that this group was adapted to discuss and analyze these organizations.\r\nThe psyche companies and phvirtuoso line environments that were apostrophizeed in the learning team discussions embarrass; a correctional facility, a variety of organizations that furnish some radiation diagram of health aid or health check examination service, a sell store, an insurance participation, and unmatchable member of Team B is occupied at home as a homemaker/student. Team B participated in discussions and analyzed the organisational deportments of each organization at bottom their group. The purpose of this paper is to lead that analysis that describes some of the inborn and outdoor(a) armys that dumbfound an bear on on organizational doingss.\r\nTeam B intends to present an rendering summarizing the rememberings of the Learning Team discussions. The paper includes an analysis of the following(a) internal and outdoor(a) forces: Restructuring organisational Mission contest Economy client Demands The following be person-to-person descriptions of internal and foreign forces that impact organizational conduct within the organizations of each individual member of Learning Team B. Restructuring Restructuring, or rearranging, of an organization slew turn a comp either upside- down and leave employees in a state of shock.\r\nThis particular external force can have a broad impact on the organizational behaviors of whatsoever organization from a medical clinic to a correctional facility. It is customary for a play along under restructure to use l ayoffs or reduce full-time positions to part-time to slump the costs of employment. Another possible kind made by a party trying to survive after suppression could be to obtain lower employee wages. This could be done by moving the melodic phrase to a facility in some other state or country. For any emergence of reasons, a phoner may pick to move only part of its organization during the restructure.\r\nFor physical exertion, a stemma’ medical records part holds confidential in airation regarding its employees. With this in mind, the restructuring team may indispensability to select an outside source to perform medical records operate during the restructure. This pull up stakes ensure the confidentiality of its employees and safeguard their personal information. Understanding organizational behaviors brought on by internal and external forces is substantial for everyone compound whether it is an insurance go with, a retail store, or a home health care agency. \r\n there is little k straightawayn just about the safety and health risks to break awayers who face or survive episodes of downsizing, or the effects of downsizing and outsourcing on the capacity of organizations to provide occupational health services and programs for workers {text:bibliography-mark} . Therefore, it is super recommended that personnel digestings be scheduled to address the questions and concerns of a company’s rest employees. Organizational Mission The organizational accusation of the medical team at the Pendleton prison house System Department of Corrections provides in tolerant rehabilitation and medical care.\r\nThe delegation of the medical team at Pendleton is to reduce unnecessary morbidity and mortality and protect national health by providing long-suffering-inmate timely assenting to safe, efficient medical care, dental, and disability programs. The mission statement of an organization affects the organizational behavior within the comp any by providing flush to each person’s duties within the company. Although the organizations of the members of Team B are significantly different in size and function, the impact of their organizational mission directly affects their organizational behavior and success.\r\nMost organizations define a mission statement and develop practices to have got the organizational behavior of the organization to finish this mission {text:bibliography-mark} . Competition Competition is an external force that affects organizational behavior in retail as hygienic as many other types of organizations. There are several examples of the different external forces that affect organizational behaviors, some of which include; creditors, guests, suppliers, and the labor market. Competitors\r\nCompetitors are peers that perform correspondent functions within their professional discipline. Competitors contribute to the exertion with their ability, supply, goods, and services, at competiti ve prices. Competitors’ contributions are unremarkably of a high caliber and this is what gives consumers their choices. Creditors In contrast, creditors have an impact in retail because most businesses purchase goods and services to a large extent on credit. Generally, these businesses are given discounts or other incentives for purchase in bulk. clients\r\nCustomers obviously play an indispensable part in the retail business. In fact, without any nodes, there would be no business. In retail, it is important that a business know how to change with itscustomers. This will diffuse customer confidence and increase buying. sweat Market The labor market affects the fall of qualified employees who a business will be allowed to hire. In comparison to expanding customer confidence, the lack of qualified employees at a business can rail any type of organization to customer dis pleasure. Customer Demands\r\nCustomer demand is the quantity of a product or service that customers are willing and able to purchase at a given price during a given period {text:bibliography-mark} . come across the demands of customers can be difficult at times. The medical field always has essay to satisfy its customers’ extremitys in the beat out way possible, but it is becoming more than than complicated because of the customers’ increased expectations. Here is an example of changes in organizational behaviors of employees at a medical clinic concerning customer demands. A uncomplaining is 15 minutes late for his or her appointment so e asked the persevering to reschedule the appointment but instead, the patient refuses to leave the clinic until he or she was seen by a doctor. This is when behaviors have to change in order to meet the customer’s demands. There may be times, for instance, when the patient is not able to reschedule the appointment. To meet this customer’s needs, employees have to work even harder. First we try to make the cust omer feel as golden as possible until he or she is seen by the provider. We have to gain their satisfaction to go forward to improve our customer services.\r\nSecond, we focus specifically on this customer. It is important to treat the customer as an individual person just as we want to be treated. One way that a medical clinic can work to improve customer demands is to have questionnaires available for the customers. When the questionnaires are reviewed the company will know what areas that they need to improve in and what areas they are doing healthy in. These questionnaires may very well lead the medical clinic to implement even more organizational behaviors if needed to increase customer satisfaction. Economy\r\nThe economy has affected organizational behaviors in many American households. The following is a personal example from an American homemaker and student. My fiance is the bread superior in the household at one point and he was making teeming money that I could sit at home and take care of the babies. exactly now, the economy is so bad that I am now trying to find a job so that we can make ends meet. His job as a correctional officer has stopped give overtime to the employees. The bills are going up twice as much as they used to be and so now we do not have any extra money to have or to save. Conclusion\r\nIn conclusion, the internal and external forces that impact the behaviors of an organization can have both a negative and a positive effect on the company itself as well as on the race within the company. These changes in behavior, or reactions from within an organization, are caused by forces such as the restructuring of a business, increased customer demands, technology, competition, or even from a hesitation in the economy. Although internal forces are considered to be causes that passel have either created or could have controlled, external forces are those in which people have no irect control. A business in comparison to people h as many forces that can manipulate and form its common behavior and the organizational behaviors of the people within it. Organizations of every kind, from those that provide goods to those that provide services, still have to change continually and positively while searching for stark naked ideas and opportunities to maintain a competitive advantage. This team’s belief ist; how a company reacts, how it manages, and how it adapts to changes, will determine its failure or success. References\r\n'

'Migration and Integration: African Americans and Mexican Americans in the U.S. Essay\r'

'A trope of African Americans and Mexican Americans gradually migrated into the unite States with the development of agri coating in the country. Although the reasons for their migration were different, the African Americans and Mexican Americans share similar situations as they tried to amalgamate into American society. The choice to migrate into the US was primarily attributed to their need to look for better opportunities, new lives, discernment and obstacles. Migration has a different meaning among African Americans, who had to go by and by a lot of woeful when they came into the country.\r\nThey ab initio migrated into the unite States as slaves and made to work in plantation and homes in the new world. They were also con side of meatred as commodities to be traded in the market. The working conditions of African Americans on the plantations were horrible even up though they formed the backside of the entire cotton industry. The conditions that African Americans had t o go through when they migrated into the United States were detailed and explained in the book â€Å"In Motion: The African American Migration Experience. ”\r\nThe book gives a list of the first African Americans who arrived into the United States during the 1500s through the Caribbean and Mexico. This account is different from common knowledge, which indicates that they arrived through Jamestown in 1619. They settled in a number of southern states such as South Carolina, Florida, and Texas. A right(a) number of slaves found safe haven from their owners in the marshlands and the Bahamas. Some of them even started to live with Native Americans. They started to coiffe and embrace the subtlety of the place where they established themselves. They in condition(p) the local languages and other dialects. The twentieth century sawing machine a good number of African Americans change magnitude their influence in history.\r\nThey played a solid role the development of industria l areas, even as racism continued to remind African Americans of their suffering in the past. A movement was started that saw a number of laws being altered to integrate comparability in society. The government was compelled to entangle African Americans delinquent to the legal system that they were fitting to establish. The views and contributions of African Americans were include in the formation of cultural and social policies.\r\nThe Harlem reincarnation during the 1920s and the 1930s was the most crucial stimulant that resulted to the acknowledgement of African American NEW IN the States PAPER 3 culture and committed their culture with other cultures. The talents of African Americans in art, music, and lit started to emerge during the period. A number of authors were open to expose their talents, which describe the experience of African Americans. It also resulted to the insane asylum of a number of African American political interest groups. These authors include Neel a Larson, Zora Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston.\r\nThree of these political groups that emerged include the acresal Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Nation of Islam, and the Negro Improvement Association. The African American culture also started to spread from the south. The culture and arts of American society were influenced by African, Haitian, and Caribbean cultures. The situation further enriched the culture of the African American population despite the distress they faced along the way. This demonstrated the experience of African Americans when they migrated into the United States. At the start of the twentieth century, Mexican Americans were able to easily enter into the United States.\r\nAn extremity quota act that was ratified by the United States allowed Mexican Americans to travel freely into the US. This act also particular the migration of citizens coming from countries in the Eastern hemisphere. Special modifications were even given to Mexicans by the US government collect to the immigration law enacted by the US. The implementation of the immigration law gave credence to the significance of the craunch provided by Mexicans, which enhanced the US economy. The act invalidated the literacy campaign that was enforced on Mexicans by farmers.\r\nHowever, this special allowance was cancelled following the economic crisis that affected the United States in 1929. Americans found it difficult to be occupied referable to the Great Depression, which resulted to an anti-immigration sentiment and compelled many Mexicans to go back home. Barricades were also set up surrounded by Mexico and the United States. However, the Second World War resulted to a labor shortage, which resulted to the creation of a bracer political platform that allowed Mexicans to work in the agricultural industry in the United States. A good number of Mexicans were able to receive allowances along with minimum wages.\r\nThe situation was temp orary and was only implemented while many American men were out in the battlefield. The United States did not allow the families of the braceros to join them to guarantee that they would return to their homeland. However, many Mexicans were NEW IN AMERICA PAPER 4 compelled to convey illegal immigrants since they did not want to go back to Mexico. These illegal immigrants were able to stay apply and eventually made enough m maveny due to the bracer program. By 1954, the United States was compelled to handle the change magnitude number of illegal immigrants.\r\nOperation Wetback was started unitedly with a naturalization service and border patrols that nowadays deported illegal immigrants. However, the operation was stopped due to a number of issues that include maltreatment of Mexicans and violence. The children of the illegal immigrants that were innate(p) in the US were also deported together with their parents. The labor shortage that was still prevalent among companies resul ted to the establishment of factories in Mexico. The factories were called maquillas or maguiladoras, which was beneficial for both the United States and Mexico.\r\nAmong the benefits that Mexico sure were the sending of equipment for the factories. The value of equipment was untaxed. The equipment was also sent as a whole instead of being transported one component at a time. The border betwixt Mexico and the United States was the first barrier that illegal Mexicans had to spate with if they want to go into the US. The border extends from Tijuana, Baja California and majestic Beach California along the western side until Brownsville, Matamoras and Tamaulipas, Texas along the eastern side.\r\nIt goes through different terrains that included major urban areas and harsh deserts. Most of the Mexicans who were able to cross the border settled in the states of Texas, clean Mexico, California, Arizona, and Colorado. Mexican Americans played a role in the development of cities along th e southwest, including Tucson, San Antonio, Albuquerque, Dallas, and Los Angeles. Although a good number of Mexican Americans were not able to go through formal education, they were able to contribute to the development of the Midwest, from lucre all the way to Kansas. They provided labor for the steel factories and line system.\r\nSince the Mexicans were willing to provide labor in the vale in the southwestern states, their culture had a significant influence in these areas. Their contribution allowed the valley to become one of the richest valleys in the world. Mexicans also made near significant contributions in sports, language, demographics, fine arts, and politics. REFERENCES WWW. GWU. EDU GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY BY A ETZIONI †2000 †Coverage: 1964-2008 (Vols. 51-95) Links to External substance: 2009-2012 (Vol. 95, No. 4 †Vol. 99, No. 1) Published by: Organization of American Historians NEW IN AMERICA PAPER 5.\r\n'

'Muar 211 Study Guide\r'

'MU chivalric menstruation * Hildegard von Bingen: Columba aspexit * Genre = plain chant * schoolbook = h exclusivelyowed, Latin * cereal: monophonic throughout * military opera hou markion practice: responsori wholey, that is, the per chassisance alternates between a adept singer ( al atomic number 53ist) and the king-sizer consort, which â€Å"responds” * The mo puzzles to a grander extent melismatic as it continues. * corps de b everyet: female forthright flyist, female birdcall chorus, droning instrument that plays out maven furrow (the final) * Guillaume da Machaut: wench, de qui toute ma joie vient * Genre = chanson (general margin for french blase song) * Text = lott (language french), lay Texture = non- echoic concerted medical specialty ( quaternary congress gays with four indep h superannuated unrivalednt melodies that neer buy up the euphony of a nonher vowel system break a destinyiallyially)\r\nEnsemble: a cappella Renaissan ce Period * Guillaume Dufay: Ave maris stella * Fauxbordon elan: a orchestrate of harmonization in tierce move in which the second pargonnthood follows the top line a perfect fourth below. The voices ar lots â€Å" wr and so oned in parallel thirds,” a relatively parvenu backbreaking and cereal at the period. * Based in the Dorian mode Homophonic/ aforesaid(prenominal) schoolbookual matter editionure (multiple touch removes that bear somely in homorhytm, thusly creating a succession of chords) * The top line is an expand form of a Gregorian chant breeze ie the top line is a depo rophyus firmus. Latin * Genre: Hymn ( accord anthem) b/c it is taboo and the analogous medication is recurrent all over and over for changing verses of that sacred schoolbook * Josquin Desprez: Kyrie from Pange lingua mount * Genre: Kyrie from a tardily Renaissance crowd in concert * Texture: 4 give polyphony; simulated polyphony * Ensemble: a cappella; 4 p craft cho ir; SATB Text: Ancient, sacred Hellenic petitioner (only set forth of masses in Grecian); first of all part of Mass Ordinary churrigueresqueness Period * total heat Purcell: â€Å"Thy hand Belinda” from Dido and Aeneas, Act III final scene. * Libretto is an contract side of meat-language adaptation (by librettist Nahum Tate) of an episode from the Aeneid, the Latin epic indite by Virgil in the 1st hundred BC (between 29 and 19 BC) that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who locomotioned to Italy, where he became the mythical tooth root of the roman qualitys. Aeneas and his men atomic number 18 shipwrecked at Carthage on the Union shore of Africa.Dido, the Queen of Carthage, and Aeneas fall in love, alone Aeneas can non go away that the gods look at commanded him to continue his journey until he r all(prenominal)es Italy (where it has been foretold that he will found a peachy empire, Rome). A lots as he hates to bear his love, the Queen Dido, he knows that he must emerge and continue his quest. He leaves, as heroes must. * In her grief, Dido decides she cannot hot with her grief and slashes her wrists. She thus sings the moving recitative â€Å"Thy hand, Belinda,” and the aria that follows (a dirge aria), which is the culminating head word in the opera, followed by a final let loose line * Homophonic Antonio Vivaldi: Violin Concerto in G, La stravanganza, op. 4 no. 2, first and second general anatomyheads http://youtu. be/WftbiFpZszU * front reason: Spirito e non presto (spirited scarcely not presto) The first thrust of this work is a RITORNELLO knead: the air travel play by the orchestra appears both at the beginning, end, and several times during the motion. This ritornello is alternated with the SOLOS, played by the have violin soloist. * Second causa: Largo (slowly)This battlefront is a THEME & vitamin A; VARIATIONS FORM, which means that the seam (theme) heard at the beginning is followed by election versions of that identical p bentage. Johann Sebastian bach * Brandenburg Concerto No. 5, first purport http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=49IOKnhX0Sk&feature=youtu. be * Genre =concerto grosso, since the work requires 3 soloists †the flute, violin & harpsichord †plus the orchestral attachment * First movement: Allegro. Form of 1st movement = ritornello form (the medication played by the orchestra appears both at the beginning, end, and several times during the movement) * Polyphony and homophony at the same time * Imitation in the soloists Fugue 1 in C Major from The Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=RLZd_36puXAFugue begins at 2:09 * Is a collection of solo divulgeboard medication. He first gave the backing to a book of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys * Fugue (second half(a)) of this work is part of the required listening for Exam #1. A fugue needs to be capable to play much than one note at a time * Imitative polyphony ( in whatever(prenominal) case called imitative counterpoint) in the work. there is no accompaniment oratorio No. 4, Christ put behind bars in Todesbanden, nos. 4, 5 & 8 http://youtu. be/aVaV0spMDVg * live plant this cantata on the linguistic process and euphony of a choral constitute by Martin Luther in 1524. Luther’s choral line of merchandise was based on an Easter hymn from the 12th century. Bach utilized the melody of Luther’s chorale in e rattling movement of his cantata as a cantus firmus. Text is proper, for certain times of the year * saintly Cantata * 0:00-1:55 4th movement: tenor aria, â€Å"Jesus Christus, Gottes Sohn . . . Note the schoolbookure of this movement: the tenor voice and the busy ‘obbligato’ violin part both move rather singly over the accompaniment proposed by the freshwater sea bass bass voice basso continuo. Therefore, the movement is basically homophonic, because it h as an accompaniment, despite the fact that there atomic number 18 multiple ‘ stop number parts’ (the tenor voice and violin). The texture of High Baroque medicine (1700-1750) can frequently be complicated in this panacheâ€a combination of both polyphony (in the upper parts) and homophony (because of the accompaniment). * 1:59-4:24 5th movement: SATB quadruplet w/ continuo, â€Å"Es state of war ein wunderlicher Krieg.The texture of this movement is much more than contrapuntal than the first, and the four blunt parts (soprano, alike, tenor and bass) ‘imitate’ each some an opposite(prenominal)(a) contrapuntally; in other words, the texture of this movement is ‘imitative polyphony. ’ Note besides that the implemental parts ‘move parallel to the voice parts’ (meaning that the slavish parts play the exact same affaire the three song soloists be singing); therefore the instruments take part in the polyphony * 7:0 4-8:23 eighth movement: chorale with orchestra, â€Å"Wir essen und leben wohl . . ” This final movement is set genuinely simply, in a purely homophonic texture. All of the voice parts move in homorhythmâ€i. e. , they all move to the same rhythm close all of the time. However, they atomic number 18 not singing the same part, and argon singing different pitches at the same time, thereby creating a series of chords. The continuo players (the submissive accompaniment) follow along with the voices, adding there timbres to the general sound. * Bach’s sacred cantatas frequently end with a homophonic presentation of the chorale melody: i. e. in a presentation of a harmonized chorale. The final movement is set in this candid zeal so that the congregation could participate in singing the final movement. All of the earlier movements be much more complicated, and would have been performed by lord singers employed by the church. * Note regarding this work on Exam #1 : You need to be able to identify the texture and sub medication medical specialty euphonyal genre (aria, SATN quartet, and chorus) of each movementGeorge Frideric Handel * La giustizia” from Julius Caesar â€Å"There were Shepherds” and â€Å"Glory to God” from Messiah * http://youtu. be/SZN6VmKBxPQ * 0:00 †0:10 secco (‘dry’) recitative; the continuo accompaniment here is very sparse and sometimes altogether absent. * 0:10 †0:29 attach to recitative ( sinless orchestra accompanies) * 0:30 †1:32 secco recitative once more (continuo only again; cello and harpsichord) * 1:13 †1:32 accompanied recitative (entire orchestra); note that this component goes straight into the hobby choral number. * 1:33 †3:23 â€Å"Glory to God” chorus TERM LIST Medieval Period: 450-1450 sacred farming: anything intended to serve as part of fear. soonest medicinal drugal manuscripts mark sacred medicine exclusively because only fellow members of the church was literate, peasants couldn’t compile down secular music * blasphemous Culture: everything else (ie not serving as a part of worship, including art for entertainment only) * Liturgy (as in Roman Catholic liturgy): the system of prayers and worship of a occurrence religion, dictates how to worship, when to worship, what songs to sing and when.Considered a naughtyer authority * plainchant / chant / Gregorian Chant: Text: Latin (language) and SACRED (function) * Non calcu tonic-madedal (ie rhythmically easy, no discernible cleave or meter) * Based on church modes of the Medieval Musical/Theoretical System * Usually performed with a MONOPHIC TEXTURE (texture: how many parts and what is their relationship), although other practices are possible * Usually performed A CAPPELLA (type of supporting players) * metric (has a discernable scourge) /Nonmetrical (has no discernible cleave or meter) * Divine Office Mass: relatively unavowed worship dish in convents and monasteries * Mass: large worship service for all Proper of Mass (or Mass Proper): of cloth into those parts of the text that evermore remain the same * Ordinary of Mass (Mass Ordinary) tangible that change according to the feature day in the liturgical year. * Kyrie (a simple prayer), Gloria (a long hymn, beginning), Credo (A indication of the Christian’s list of beliefs, beginning), Sanctus (another, brieflyer hymn), Agnus dei (Another simple prayer) * church modes (Medieval Modes): the basis of the harmonic system. A collection of pitches that are organized indoors a component of music to emphasize one position pitch, called the final.These pitches also patch up a collection of specific intervals * Responsorial Performance: a trend of performing chant in which a solo singer or leader performed verses of the text and the entire congregation answered each verse with the following verse or with a response or refrain. Common responses were ame n and hallelujah, but others were more expansiveu * Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179): was swell cognise in her day and her melodic running(a) amount and other constitutions were encompassingly copied and disseminated. Visionary, mystic, and prolific writer.CONVENT abbess: founded her own convent in Rupertsburg (eastern Germany). Her visions and prophecies made her noteworthy throughout Europe, also know for her writings on erudition and music, very well educated and justly womanhood in her time * Drone: a ace ii note chord running continuously. effect in Hildegard von Bingen’s Columba Aspexit * Also in the 12th C * Earliest manuscripts of secular music: tuneful settings of original meter create verbally by learned men and women ( courtyardiers, monks, nuns, priests) for entertainment in proud courts.Composers were cognise as troubadours, trouveres, or minnesangers. These secular songs were notated monophonically, but were probably performed with improvi sed instrumental accompaniment. The poetry of these songs is around often in the vernacular language of the court. Songs dealt with baronial love/chivalry, as well as war and some deal with topics of sexual love * Earliest manuscripts of instrumental music: n first are all courtly dancings much(prenominal) as the Estampie or Salterello, bill suggests a regular rhythmic organization: metric or metered.These manuscripts were created by literate actors, although trip the light fantastic music was often performed by jongleurs * Earliest manuscripts of polyphonous music: organum the earlier genre of medieval polyphony music (the simultaneous combination of two or more melodies) * Organum: the earliest genre of medieval polyphony music (the simultaneous combination of two or more melodies) * Troubadour (south of France)/trouvere (in the north)/Minnesanger (Germany): noble poet composers of court songs who also performed the songs themselves.Among them were kings, prices, and witha l kings. Troubadour society (but not trouvere) allowed for women composers and performers. Literate classes of nation (typically are courtiers). Not for universal * Jongleur: ordinary musicians †Some noble songwriters only penned the words, leaving music to be composed by jongleurs. Popular musicians at the time, the music is relatively simple. Jongleurs played instruments while trouveres sang.Musicians of ordinary status, typically illiterate, who traveled played a memorized repertory, improvising, acquiring paid when possible, occasionally organizing into guilds * Courtier: someone at a royal count, music for elite class * Chanson: French for song, a genre of French secular point-blank music * Cantus Firmus: the way to create new-fashioned sacred music, in the medieval era, a cantus firmus was a pre-existent plainchant melody (therefore a sacred melody setting a sacred text) that has been recycled into a new composition ie a cantus firmus is chant melody that serves t he basis for new melodious creation * Notre shuttlecock School: school of polyphonous music, not effective school setting, but they did influence one another. theme of composers working at or near the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris in late 12th and 13th centuries. * Ars antiqua/ars nova: contemporary terms for the â€Å"old technique” of the 13th century organum and the new polyphonic music of the 14th C. * Guillaume da Machaut (c. 1300 †1377): was cleric and courtier, a widely celebrated poet and musician. Active at a variety of courts, including the Court of Charles, Duke of Normandy, who later became king of France.Widely cognize as the greatest musician of his time; famed ever long after his terminal †the initiative composer of the ars nova style: the new style of complicated polyphonic music in the late 14th C. This term was apply to contrast the new music with the old(a) Notre Dame polyphonic music of the 13th C. know as the ars antiqua * Notre Dame Mass (significance): composed the earliest extant complete setting of the mass ordinary. The basketball team individual parts are based on some of the same borrowed and original melodic theater material so they are musically liked to one another. Earlier complete settings were no doubt created as well, but this is the oldest to survive intact, due to its popularity and wide dispersion Renaissance Period: 1450-1600 Humanism: an intellectual movement and ethical system centered on gentleman and their values, needs, interests, abilities, dignity, and freedom, emphasizing secular culture in a rejection of the sacred * Moveable type printing shrink c. 1450: music printing soon followed, greatly expand affordable access to vocal and instrumental music of all genres, both sacred and secularLutheran Reformation early on 16th C: Martin Luther. The separation of protestant Christian sects from the Roman Catholic Church leads to a great diversity in post 1500 sacred music (not all sacr ed music is Latin) * Counter Reformation, late 16th C. : The Roman Catholic Church responded to the sicken led by Martin Luther by reforming church practices in the spirit of â€Å"true Christian piety. This was the RCC’s enterprise to regain the loyalty of its people, as well as regain the loss of power and wealth that had resulted from the â€Å" set off” of the church (MUSIC REFORM) * Council of Trent (musical significance): issued general recommendations in favor a pure vocal style that would respect the fairness of the sacred text. (The composer considered to best uphold the better exalted of church music was Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina)Fascination with and examine of Greek and Roman antiquity: once the concern of medieval theologians and scholars onlyâ€becomes more common among the ever-bigger literate classes; the architecture, visual arts, poetry, and music of the renaissance demonstrates this influence. Word Painting: the music itself is compos ed in such a elan that the sound of the music reflects the meaning of the text (words such as fly and glitter were set to immediate notes, up and heaven to even higher ones) * speckle of Imitation: a brief passing play of imitative polyphony usually using a whizz musical motive (based on a wiz theme, or on two utilise together ( apply by Josquin Desprez) * Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400-1474): Born and received early musical training in northern France. However, he pass more than 25 years in Italy, as a musician and composer at the courts of various powerful families, or in major cathedrals, including the Papal chapel service service in Rome.Dufay composed music in all the sacred and secular genres common to his day†masses, motets, Magnificats, hymns, and chants in fauxbordon style (see below), as well as secular songs of all typesâ€using a rich musical language that combined techniques of earlier masters (the Ars Nova) with the new techniques, textures and textual sensi tivity of the emerging Renaissance aesthetics. Fauxbourdon passage in Dufay’s harmonized hymn, Ave maris stella * Harmonized hymn: it has a sacred text, and (2) the same music is repeated over and over for changing verses of that sacred text. whole caboodle intended for congregational singing often use this simply form. * Josquin des Prez (1440 †1521) Born and received early musical training in northern France, locomote to Italy where he served in several courts. He composed both sacred and secular music, setting both sacred texts and contemporary poetry. Achieve world-wide fame; cognize to Martin Luther as the greatest living composer.Returned to northern France in his late life * Claudio Monteverdi (1567 †1643): the well-nigh distinguished musician in the late 16th and early 7teenth century Italy. Wrote nine books of sings, composed operas. Composed high Renaissance and early Baroque music, was a transitional composer who bridged between these two musical style periods writing in and epitomizing the styles and genres of both periods. * Madrigal: a polyphonic secular vocal genre of the Renaissance, a short composition set to a one stanza poetry †typically a love poem, with rapid dollar volume of ideas and images). The nearly primal secular vocal genre of the late renaissance and early baroque.Madrigals were settings of secular poetry on a variety of topics in the vernacular language (originally Italian). Were a genre of â€Å"high art” meaning it was intended for the entertainment of royalty, commoners would rarely be exposed to such music * Giovanni Palestrina (1525 †1594): worked as an organist and cantor at various churches including St. Peter’s basilica in Rome, Pope Julius II appointed him to the Sistine chapel service Choir, wrote over 100 settings of he Roman Catholic Mass, Palestrina’s music was known to later generations, most importantly Bach who considered it the epitome of sacred music i n the â€Å"old style,” was considered the best composer to uphold the reformed ideal of church music Baroque Period: 1600-1750 Monody: literally ‘one song’ characterized by a solo vocal melody with instrumental accompaniment * basso continuo / continuo / reckon bass : one, two or more instruments that provide an accompaniment for one or more vocal or instrumental soloists, reading from a musical part that is called the count on bass, because it is notated as a integrity line of music (the base line) over which numbers (the figures) indicate the other notes to be played on.At to the lowest degree one of the basso continuo instruments plays the bass line as written by the composer, while the other (or others) improvises chords on that bass line * In the Baroque and early Classical periods, the keyboard instrument in the basso continuo was almost always the harpsichord * ‘continuo base’: the instrumentation of the basso continuo (also called the c ontinuo r the continuo pigeonholing) was never specified in the music. Musicians and composers of the period were very practical with regard to carrying into action practices. Therefore, their music was designed to accommodate a wide variety of performance situations * to ‘realize a figured bass’ * improvisation * Ornamentation: the practice (both vocal and instrumental) of spontaneously adding (improvising) short decorative flourishes to the written music during performances). These additional notes are generally called ornaments or embellishments * degree (as in musical score): a piece of music that shows all of the parts in a given over piece, all together on each scalawag: also called a full score.Some small ensemble music commonly appears in such a format, but it is not practical for larger ensembles. generous scores of large ensemble whole kit and caboodle are generally used only by theater directors and for study * Part (as in printed musical part): a pi ece of music that shows only one portion of the overall performing ensemble, usually just the music of a single instrument or vocalist * opera (time & place of its invention): Opera was originally created in the wealthy Italian courts of Florence in approximately 1600 by a group of intellectuals; poets and musicians who were attempting to recreate the ancient Greek dramas, which they determined had been render in a very declamatory (i. e. , diction-like) style. * Two types/subgenres of song in opera:Recitative: a song that imitates and rhythms and pitch patterns of natural speech; usually carries the action and dialogue of an opera; used to forward the action of drama. Not very melodic and melodious; sounds more like speech or recitation. Good for expressing text, in which the meaning is important, usually does not have long melismas or repetitions of texts. Rhythmically free or nonmetrical. Usually accompanied by only one or two instruments, the basso continuo, which almos t follows the singer * Aria: a song for solo voice, often with a larger ensemble playing the accompaniment. powerfully metrical (ie has a strong and recognizable beat).A melodious or lyrical song which expresses an outpouring of emotion, thereby developing the character of the person singing the aria; very lyrical often epeating fragments of the text and containing melismas that ‘show off’ the technical and expressive abilities of the star singers * Both recitatives and arias were also composed as ‘stand alone’ whole kit: as working that were performed alone without being part of a larger work * Libretto / librettist: the libretto is story or text of an opera, written by the librettist almost never the composer himself, but rather someone with literary and poetical skills. Operas were intended as entertainment and use secular text in a vernacular language. The adequate to(p) matter of librettos vary widely, the earliest operas drew their theater of ope rations matter from the myths, dramas, and histories of ancient Greece and Rome. * Castrato: Male singer castrate in the first place puberty in order to withstand the pre-adolescent high vocal range. The most important division of vocal soloists in opera (and other vocal genres) during the baroque, although most of them were employed by Italian churches.Many booster cable operatic roles for menâ€whether hero or romantic leadâ€were written for castrati. Castrati also commonly performed women’s roles. The â€Å"rock stars” of their day, the most successful castrati enjoyed great popularity and fiscal reward. We know many of their names, careers, and personal exploits today. Today, the operatic roles and other vocal parts originally composed for castrati are sung by (1) women or (2) countertenors or falsettists (male sopranos). * overture (as in opera): the instrumental piece (for the orchestra alone) that introduces an opera. It is the first thing you hear a t the beginning of the opera, often before the main opera characters come on stage.Overtures often contain musical themes from the vocal pieces to follow, sort of ‘ omen’ the action of the opera * Traits of the baroque orchestra: During the Baroque era that our modern conception of the orchestra, as a group centered around a group of bandy-legged strings, was first developed. However, baroque orchestras were much smaller than the orchestras used in later art music, usually include only 10 to 25 people, and often consisted of nought but bowed strings and perhaps a harpsichord or organ. Wind instruments (brass and woodwinds) could be used and often were, including a limited array of percussion, but the bowed strings were the CORE of the orchestra from its earliest inception. henry Purcell (1659-1695): Often referred to as the first great English composer of international acclaim. Worked as a singer, organist and composer in the courts of Charles II (reigned 1660-85), James II (r. 1685-88), and William and Mary (r. 1689- 1702). Purcell’s instrumental works rank among the finest musical achievements of the middle Baroque. * Lament / lament aria: A poem (or, when set to music, a song) expressing grief, regret or mourning. As a musical sub category of recitative and aria, it was very popular in the 17th century and after. * Basso ostinato / ground bass: Baroque lament arias often feature a basso ostinato (also known as a ground bass), which is a bass theme that repeats over and over.The basso ostinatos or ground basses of lament arias typically consists of a descending, chromatic figure (often descending from tonic to dominant in the key of the piece) in a slow triple meter. * recording machine: * Harpsichord * Lute (archlute) * Organ viol (viola da gamba) * MULTI-MOVEMENT piece of work: a musical work under one title that is actually several separate musical pieces that are always played together in the same order. Each of the individual pi eces that comprise a multi-movement genre is called a MOVEMENT. It is typical that the various movements of a multi-movement instrumental work all employ the same ensemble, although there are some exceptions.On the other hand, large vocal/instrumental genres (such as operas, cantatas and oratorios) often contain movements that contrast with regard to the ensemble used. The individual movements with any multi-movement genre are designed both to musical accompaniment and contrast with one another with regard to key, tempo, and musical material. * Sonata * Trio sonata: multi-movement genre for TWO instrumental soloists and basso continuo. Be careful about this one, because the ensemble can vary widely. Since the basso continuo part efficiency be played by one, two or three people, the total ensemble of a tierce sonata could include from 3 players (2 soloists + 1 continuo player) to 5 players (2 soloists + 3 continuo players) or even more.Solo concerto: multi-movement (usually three but not standardized in the baroque era) genre for a single instrumental soloist (of any type) and orchestra (including basso continuo) * Concerto grosso: multi-movement (usually three but could be more) genre for two or more instrumental soloists and orchestra (including the basso continuo). Many such works were written for two twiddlers and basso continuo (the solo group) accompanied by a larger group (the orchestra, which usually also consisted of strings only). Part of the interest in such works is the exciting contrast of the smaller solo group with the larger orchestra. During the Baroque Era, concerto grosso (concerto grossi is the Italian plural) were neer titled Concerto Grosso.They were usually titled simply ‘concerto,’ and are therefore difficult to differentiate from a solo concerto by title alone. * Suite / dance entourage / baroque dance suite: a multi-movement genre for orchestra without any particular featured soloists. Usually each movement is named a fter and is an example of a particular dance type, although some movements might have other inspirations and be unrelated to dance. SUITE, by definition, means a multi-movement collection of dances. Dance suites could be used for jump or simply as concert works for listening enjoyment. * Multi-movement instrumental work for orchestra alone (in baroque also w/ continuo group) * The number of movements was not very standardized during the Baroque period.Some examples of the genre have as many as nine (for instance, Handel’s Suite No. 2 in D major, popularly known as part of the peeing Music). * The individual movements are often evocative of spring TYPES and have dance-related names (Minuet, Bourree, Gigue, Hornpipe, etc. ), although there are also other types of names as well (especially ‘Air,’ a title that implies a lyrical, slow piece with song-like qualities). * The prominence of this genre during the baroque period highlights the importance of dance during the period. * Fugue * An entire piece or distinct subsection of music that employs imitative polyphony in a strictly positive(p) manner.A fugue can be a genre (if an entire piece or movement contains nothing but that fugue), but it is also possible for a subsection of a piece to be described as a ‘fugue’. * Fugues whitethorn be written for any instrument capable of polyphonic solo playing, or for any combination of voices or instruments, or instruments and voices together. * The first musical theme of a fugue is called the SUBJECT. After its first appearance in a single voice or part, you will then hear that same melody again and again in the other parts. Not really a genre because it doesn’t tell you the ensemble. * J. S. Bach’s music is generally regarded as one of the greatest artistic achievements of the Baroque Period.At the end of his life, however, his musical style was rather old fashioned, for the newer style of the early unequivocal period was already being composed by a number of younger composers, including Bach’s own sons. These younger composers of the new classical style were not sympathetic to complex polyphony, preferring a more simple, homophonic texture. Ritornello form: the music played by the orchestra appears both at the beginning, end, and several times during the movement. * physical composition & variations form: the melody (theme) heard at the beginning is followed by alternative versions of that same melody. * Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) * Must know J. S. Bach’s death date (1750) marks the end of the Baroque Period.German, Lutheran composer and one of the most influential figures in horse opera music history. Born into a family of musicians. Eventually known as a superstar organist (expert of construction and maintance). * At age 23, J. S. Bach was appointed his first important position: court organist and chamber musician to the Duke of Weimar. He later worked for five years a t the court of the Prince of Anhalt-Cothen, where he wrote some of his most famous instrumental works, including The Brandenburg Concertos. * J. S. Bach also composed his very famous suites (a multi-movement collection of dances) for unaccompanied violoncello (i. e. , cello) during his time working for the Prince of Anhalt-Cothen. * At age 38 J. S.Bach was appointed his most prestigious position when he became CANTOR (i. e. , the music director) at St. Thomas Church in Leipzig * hazan: music director, head of choir * Sacred Cantata (as composed by J. S. Bach between 1700 and 1750) * A fairly large-scale, multi-movement vocal/instrumental genre, typically consisting of sextette to eight movements, used in the worship function of German Lutheran Churches. * Sacred cantatas are non a dramatic presentation like opera; a cantata (whether sacred or secular) features no plot, acting, costumes, stage movement, etc. ), although it is divided into choruses, arias, recitatives, duets, and instrumental pieces etc. just like an opera or oratorio.The ensemble of a sacred cantata consists of a little choir (12 or so), vocal soloists, an orchestra (10-20 or so) and an organ, although larger groups of singers and instrumentalists were used on special occasions (like major feast days in the liturgical calendar). * Texts are in the vernacular language (German) * Lutheran chorale * Hymn-like songs used for congregational singing in the Lutheran Church, composed in a rather simple, four-part (SATB) texture. It is a sacred genre that was (and is) sung during the worship service by the congregation along with the professional choir (the latter of whom would have performed the sacred cantata during the worship service). Many chorales date back to Martin Luther (1483-1546) himself, although new ones were continuously composed for centuries. *Chorales are STROPHIC: i. e. , each verse of text is sung to the same repeated music. * George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) * German-born com poser who created numerous works in every genre of his day, including orchestral dance suites, organ concertos, and concerti grossi, but he is most remembered for his 39 Italian-style operas and his oratorios for English audiences. * Unlike most professional musicians of his day, Handel was not from a musical family, but he canvas with a local organist and composer from a young age. At 18 he worked as a violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of an opera house in Hamburg; at 20 he produced his first successful opera. * At 21 he went to Italy, where he further analyse the Italian opera style; he also composed and successfully produced operas in Italy. * In 1710 Handel took a well-paid position as music director for elector Georg Ludwig of Hanover, who became Handel’s patron. A friend of the arts, this patron allowed Handel to travel extensively and promote his music on the international stage. * Handel made several trips to London to produce his operas, and he eventua lly moved there in 1712 and remained in England for the rest of his life. * Handel became London’s most important composer and a favorite of Queen Anne.* Oratorio: often like n opera, a large-scale music drama for vocal soloists, chorus and orchestra; oratorios are multi-movement works that contain arias, recitatives, duets, trios, choral numbers, and interludes for orchestra alone. * Usually based on a narrative libretto with plots and characters (one of whom is usually a narrator); however, unalike an opera there is no acting, scenery, or costumes. * Handel’s oratorios are usually based on stories from the one-time(a) Testament: for example Handel’s oratorios Israel in Egypt and Joshua. * Secular genre composed and performed for entertainment purposes; usually performed in an opera theater or other large, secular, public venue. * Da capo aria form: a specific type of ternary form (Aâ€Bâ€A). Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741): The â€Å"Red non-Christian prie st” Famous and influential as a virtuoso violinist and composer. Born in Venice, Italy, the son of a violinist employed at St. Mark’s Cathedral. Known as the â€Å"Red Priest” because he was indeed a priest and had rather furious red hair. Worked as a violin teacher, composer, and conductor at the Music School of the Pieta, orphanage for girls. The orchestra and chorus at this school was one of the finest in Italy, and much of Vivaldi’s music was composed for them to perform. Although he composed operas and church music, he is best known for his 450 or so concertos (both solo concertos and concertos grosso; see following notes).General language & Concepts Genre: a specific category of musical composition as defined by its musical characteristics or traits; for instance a Gregorian chant, a string quartet, an art song * Ensemble/medium: the instruments, voices, or anything else that makes sound and takes part in music qualification. A. k. a. instrume ntation (but don’t forget about the voices). Some particular types of ensembles became standardized at heart a given genre culture and become associated with more or less specific well-disposed settings, functions, or musical styles * Range of Human Voices (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Base) * SATB choir: defining the voices required by a chorus or choir to perform a particular musical work. Pieces written for SATB, the commonest combination and that used by most Hymn tunes, can be sung by choruses of mixed genders, by choirs of men and boys, or by four soloists. A cappella: (Italian for â€Å"in the manner of the church” or â€Å"in the manner of the chapel”) music is specifically solo or group singing without instrumental sound *Monophony/monophonic texture: a musical texture involving a single melodic line, as in Gregorian chant, as opposed to polyphony * Polyphony/polyphonic texture: musical texture in which two or more melodic lines are played or sung simultaneo usly * Imitative polyphony: (continuous imitation) brief usually fragments of melody (motives) are passed from voice to voice (or instrument to instrument) within the performing group, so that these motives are heard again and again within close proximity of each other making the music easier to comprehend and follow * Non-imitative polyphony: four voices with four independent melodies that never repeat the music of another voice part. Non-imitative polyphony is the ideal and most common texture in Medieval polyphonic music * Homophony/homophonic texture: music that is harmonic, chordal texture, a musical texture that involves only one melody of real interest combined with chords or other subsidiary sounds * Melody + accompaniment * Homorhythm/homorhythmic texture: a musical texture in which all of the parts move together rhythmically.Renaissance music often alternates between polyphonic passages (in which all of the parts are independent) and homorhythmic passages (in which all of the parts move together) * Two types of text setting * Syllabic: each syllable of text is set to only one pitch (syllable by syllable) * Melismatic: text setting that contains melismas; a melisma is a single syllable of text that is set to large groups of pitches * Pitch: a sound producing vibration that oscillates at a definite and prescribed rate of speed. Are named using the first seven letters of the alphabet (A B C D E F G) * Equal Temperament * The man made division of the octave into 12 pit intervals (measured in ? yards) * The man made division of the octave in 12 half steps (12 half steps per octave) *Equal temperament tuning Accidentals: a note whose pitch is not a member of a scale or mode indicated by the most recently applied key signature. In musical notation, the symbols used to mark such notes, sharps (? ), flats (? ), and naturals (? ), may also be called accidentals. An accidental sign raises or lowers the following note from its normal pitch, * Sharp, raises ha lf step ? * Flat, lowers half step ? * Natural, cancels sharp and flat ? * Metrical (has a discernable beat) /Nonmetrical (has no discernible beat or meter) * Tempo: refers to the relative speed of the beat in music * Presto: very fast * Allegro: fast * Moderato: at a moderate rate * Adagio/adante: slow * dynamics: refers to the relative brassyness or softness of the music. * tacky = f = play loudly mezzo-soprano effectiveness = mf = somewhat loudly (less loud than f) * Mezzo piano = mp = somewhat softly (less loud than mf) * Piano = p = play softly * increase = < = to become gradually louder * Descrescendo = > = to become gradually softer recapitulate of Genres Studied * Chanson: French Secular Song * chorale (Lutheran chorale): * concerto grosso * fugue * hymn / harmonized hymn * madrigal * Mass * motet * opera * oratorio * organum * plainchant / chant / Gregorian Chant * sacred cantata * solo concerto * sonata (solo sonata) * suite / dance suite / baroque dance suite * trio sonata Sinfonia: in the 18th deoxycytidine monophosphate sinfonia and overture were used interchangeably. Later on the melody was a genre was created\r\n'